What is the general Islamic legal term for a punishment or penalty determined at a judge’s discretion, rather than a fixed Hudud punishment?

More Islamic Studies MCQs

• What is the raised platform or pulpit in a mosque from which the Friday sermon (Khutbah) is delivered?
• What is the niche in a mosque wall indicating the direction of the Qibla, toward which the Imam leads prayer?
• What is the tower structure attached to a mosque, traditionally used for calling the Adhan?
• What is the person who calls the Adhan (call to prayer) called?
• What is the person who leads the congregational prayer called?