In Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of motivation, overall Motivation is formulated as:

Explanation

• Vroom’s Expectancy Theory posits that motivation is a product of three perceptual components: Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence ($M = E imes I imes V$).
• Expectancy is the belief effort yields performance; Instrumentality is the belief performance yields rewards; Valence is the personal value placed on the reward.
• Because the relationship is multiplicative, if any single variable ($E$, $I$, or $V$) is zero, overall motivation collapses to zero.