Which motivational theory assumes that human behavior is directed toward outcomes that individuals subjectively value and believe they can realistically achieve?

Explanation

• Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory assumes individuals are rational actors who choose behavior based on expected outcomes.
• Motivation is driven by Expectancy (effort leading to performance), Instrumentality (performance leading to rewards), and Valence (value of reward).
• If any component is zero, overall motivation drops to zero.