In geotechnical engineering, the Piping Failure under hydraulic structures like dams occurs when effective stress becomes zero due to:
AExcessive dry density of soil
BUpward seepage pressure equaling submerged unit weight of soil (Quick Condition)
CSudden reduction in groundwater table
DExcess negative pore water pressure
Explanation
Piping or quicksand condition occurs when upward seepage force equals buoyant weight of soil, making effective stress sigma’ = 0 and washing away fine particles.

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