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Mental shortcuts or ‘rules of thumb’ that allow people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently are called:

AAlgorithms

BMental Sets

CSchemas

DHeuristics

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The tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they actually were before the events took place is called:

AConfirmation Bias

BRepresentativeness Heuristic

CHindsight Bias ('I-knew-it-all-along' effect)

DAnchoring Bias

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The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs or hypotheses is known as:

AHindsight Bias

BConfirmation Bias

CSelf-Serving Bias

DAvailability Heuristic

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The cognitive bias in which an individual attributes their own successes to internal factors while blaming their failures on external, situational factors is the:

ASelf-Serving Bias

BFundamental Attribution Error

CActor-Observer Bias

DConfirmation Bias

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Gestalt Therapy, an experiential and humanistic form of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal responsibility and present-moment awareness, was founded by:

ACarl Rogers

BRollo May

CViktor Frankl

DFritz Perls

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The psychological state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by long-term involvement in emotionally demanding workplace situations is called:

AWorkplace Stress

BCompassion Fatigue

CJob Burnout

DRole Ambiguity

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A behavior therapy technique that pairs an undesirable behavior (such as alcohol consumption) with an unpleasant stimulus (such as nausea-inducing drugs) is called:

ASystematic Desensitization

BAversive Conditioning (Aversion Therapy)

COperant Extinction

DCounterconditioning

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When a psychotherapist unconsciously projects their own emotional issues or unresolved conflicts onto the client, it is termed:

ACountertransference

BTransference

CResistance

DInsight

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In psychoanalysis, when a patient projects feelings, expectations, and attitudes held toward significant figures from their past onto the therapist, it is known as:

ACountertransference

BResistance

CSublimation

DTransference

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The therapeutic technique in psychoanalysis where the patient speaks freely about whatever thoughts, feelings, or memories enter their mind is called:

ADream Interpretation

BTransference Analysis

CFree Association

DCatharsis

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