Douglas McGregor’s ‘Theory X’ operates under the assumption that workers inherently:

Explanation

• Theory X assumes that individuals possess an inherent dislike for work, lack ambition, seek to avoid responsibility, and must be coerced or closely controlled to achieve objectives.
• Conversely, Theory Y assumes that work is natural, individuals possess self-direction, seek responsibility, and exhibit widespread creative problem-solving.
• Theory X assumptions align with autocratic leadership styles, whereas Theory Y assumptions encourage participative management.