Which metric measures total shareholder financial return by combining cash dividends and stock price capital appreciation relative to purchase price?

Explanation

• Total Shareholder Return (TSR) formula: $text{TSR} = frac{(text{Ending Stock Price} – text{Beginning Stock Price}) + text{Dividends}}{text{Beginning Stock Price}}$.
• TSR provides a comprehensive metric of economic return delivered to equity investors.
• It reflects both income (dividends) and capital growth (price appreciation).